Ious difference in expression pattern between 2- and 6-month-old mice, which

Ious difference in expression pattern between 2- and 6-month-old mice, which suggests that although a change in the galectin-4 level of expression has been described at weaning in rats (Niepceron et al. 2004), no variation appears in adult mice (data not shown). Finally, we could not detect any difference between mice on a pure 129/Sv or on a mixed F1 129/Sv-C57BL/6J354 background. In the latter, the results were the same whether the Lgals6 gene was transmitted by the father or the mother (data not shown). The Lgals4-Lgals6 locus is, therefore, unlikely to be subject to maternal or paternal effects. Although we found no difference due to sex, age, or transmission, we chose to analyze 7- to 9-week-old inbred males only for homogeneity. The results are presented below in proximal to distal order along the digestive tract. Tongue (Figs 2a ). We detected a spatially restricted expression of galectin-4 in the interpapillary stratum corneum of the tongue in the C57BL/6J strain (Fig. 2a) whereas the protein was undetectable in 129/Sv (Fig. 2b). Only a faint expression of galectin-6 was detected in the filiform papillae (Fig. 2c and inset). This observation is congruent with the absence of the Lgals4/Lgals6 gene transcripts in tongue samples from the ddY mouse (Nio et al. 2005) and thus suggests that galectin-4 and -6 expression is very limited or absent in the tongue of mice. It contrasts strikingly, however, with the results of Markova et al.E 2012 Formula 2006, who describe the galectin-4 expression throughout the tongue epithelium in C57BL/6J mice, and in pigs, where the tongue is a major site of galectin-4 expression (Chiu et al.Estrone Purity 1992).PMID:35567400 Oesophagus (data not shown). We did not detect any expression of galectin-4 or -6 in the oesophagus. This result is in agreement with the results of Nio et al. 2005, who detected no Lgals4/6 RNA by in situ hybridization. Stomach (Figs 2d ). We detected galectin-4 in the glandular stomach mucosa (Figs 2d, e) as previously described (Nio et al. 2005; Nio-Kobayashi et al. 2009). The pattern of expression of galectin-6 was qualitatively the same as that of galectin-4 (Fig. 2f). Br ner’s glands (Figs 2g ). Galectin-4 and -6 were detected in these glands (described in Obuoforibo and Martin 1977; Treuting et al. 2012) with very similar patterns of expression. The presence of Lgals4 RNA in Br ner’s glands has already been reported (Nio et al. 2005). Small intestine: duodenum (Figs 2j ) and ileum (Figs 2mo). The small and large intestines are the organs in which the level of expression of galectin-4 is highest in most mammalian species (apart from pigs, in which the tongue is the organ with the highest expression) and where its function has been investigated most thoroughly. We could not detect any difference between the duodenum and ileum regarding the patterns of expression of galectin-4 and -6. Both proteins were expressed strongly in the epithelium and both proteins were undetectable in the lamina propria, at least under our fixation conditions. A decreasing gradient of expression of the Lgals4 mRNA has been reported along the crypt to villus axis (Nio et al. 2005). In contrast, we observed that the protein expression appeared slightly weaker in the crypts than in the villi. These results suggest that, although the gene is strongly expressed in the intestinal crypts, the protein accumulates progressively as the cells differentiate and migrate from the crypt to the villus. The galectin-Houzelstein et al. protein was expressed.