Ty. Although the effectiveness of the interventions is of fundamental importance, this review was principally

Ty. Although the effectiveness of the interventions is of fundamental importance, this review was principally concerned with uptake and, accordingly, we considered all IS types.As a means of structuring the review, a comprehensive framework of factors influencing uptake of cleaner cooking technologies was developed, drawing on previous work (Bruce et al. 2006; World Bank 2011). This framework encompasses seven domains. The framework highlights the central role of fuel and technology characteristics, and shows how two other domains–characteristics of households and settings; knowledge and perceptions–primarily operate at the household and community level. The PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113014 remaining four domains–financial, tax, and subsidy aspects; market development; regulation, legislation, and standards; programmatic and policy mechanisms–primarily operate at the program and societal level (Figure 1). Enabling or limiting factors affecting shortterm adoption may differ from those affecting longer-term sustained use. In addition, uptake may occur equally or unequally across population groups differing by socioeconomic status and urban ural location, and it is likely to be influenced by gender-related factors. For this review, which draws on and further develops concepts advanced in the literature (Pine et al. 2011; Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2011), IS adoption is defined to include both acquisition (stoves are purchased or BW 245C supplier installed without any reference to their later use) and initial adoption (use is assessed < 1 year from acquisition). Sustained use, on the other hand, comprises both medium-term (assessed 1? years after acquisition) and long-term sustained use (reflecting longer time periods). This systematic review was registered with the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) at the University of London, and a detailed, peer-reviewed protocol is available (Puzzolo et al. 2011).Fuel and technology characteristics (D1)Household and community level ?Household and setting characteristics (D2) ?Knowledge and perceptions (D3) Program and societal level ?Financial, tax, and subsidy aspects (D4) ?Market development (D5) ?Regulation, legislation, and standards (D6) ?Programmatic and policy mechanisms (D7)Adoption at scaleSustained use at scaleEquity in adoption and sustained useFigure 1. Framework of domains for the factors enabling or limiting uptake of cleaner cooking technologies. Piloting of the terms was carried out; small modifications to meet the needs of specific databases were made whenever necessary. We conducted searches of the period 1980 uly 2011, using English terms, and we screened publications in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, and Italian. Inclusion/exclusion criteria. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to relate to direct experience with IS and to provide empirical information on factors influencing adoption or sustained use. Projects and programs were considered only if they targeted households rather than public or commercial settings, with restriction to urban and rural areas of low- and middle-income countries defined according to World Bank regions (2014). Studies undertaken in refugee camps were excluded because of limited generalizability. Recognizing that uptake of IS is influenced by factors operating at all levels in society (Figure 1), we set up this review to encompass three types of studies: ualitative studies, conducted as part of an intervention study or stand-alone uantita.