R ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AGR MAJ. Performed the experiments

R ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AGR MAJ. Performed the experiments: AGR. Analyzed the data: AGR. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: IAS MTQ. Wrote the paper: AGR IAS MTQ MAJ.bovine and human NK cells. (A) Bovine PBMCs (105 cells/ well) were treated with 20 mg/ml oenothein B in X-VIVO medium for 24 hrs, and IL-2Ra expression on NK cells was
Adequate zinc nutrition is necessary for normal pregnancy outcome and child growth, immune function and neurobehavioral development [1]. In populations at risk of zinc deficiency, preventive zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of 1531364 premature delivery, decreases morbidity from childhood diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infections, lowers all-cause mortality, and increases linear growth and weight gain among infants and young children [2,3]. In addition, therapeutic zinc supplementation during diarrheal episodes reduces the duration and severity of the illness [4]. To estimate the global and regional disease burden attributable to zinc deficiency and assess the need for and appropriate targeting of zinc intervention programs, it is necessary to determine the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiency in populations. Three indicators of population risk of zinc deficiency have beenrecommended: (1) the percentage of the population with plasma (serum) zinc concentrations below an appropriate cut-off, (2) the prevalence of usual dietary zinc intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and (3) the percentage of children less than five years of age with height-for-age Z scores less than -2 SD with respect to the WHO child growth standards [5?]. Unfortunately, due to perceived high costs and logistical challenges, as well as the existence of a limited number of valid biomarkers, few Dimethylenastron biological activity nationally representative surveys have been conducted in low-income countries to assess population zinc status and the risk of zinc deficiency using the aforementioned recommended indicators. Until such data become more widely available, information on the amount of total and absorbable zinc in 10236-47-2 national food supplies may provide useful information on the risk of inadequate zinc intake in populations and help determine the need for more specific assessments of population zinc status. In a companion article to this publication, we estimated country- andPrevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake and Stuntingregion-specific risks of dietary zinc inadequacy based on national food balance sheet data obtained from the 1662274 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The former paper highlighted the major sources of uncertainty in this analysis and evaluated the effects of different assumptions on the estimated risk of inadequate zinc intake. The present analysis focuses on the authors’ previously reported best estimates of country- and regionspecific risks of dietary zinc inadequacy, generated by comparing the estimated quantities of absorbable zinc in national food supplies with the respective population’s theoretical physiological requirements for zinc. This analysis uses a newly created composite nutrient composition database, estimated physiological requirements for absorbed zinc as proposed by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG), a mathematical model (the Miller equation) to predict zinc absorption based on total dietary zinc and phytate and an assumed 25 interindividual coefficient of variation in zinc intake (Wessells et al.). FAO food balance s.R ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AGR MAJ. Performed the experiments: AGR. Analyzed the data: AGR. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: IAS MTQ. Wrote the paper: AGR IAS MTQ MAJ.bovine and human NK cells. (A) Bovine PBMCs (105 cells/ well) were treated with 20 mg/ml oenothein B in X-VIVO medium for 24 hrs, and IL-2Ra expression on NK cells was
Adequate zinc nutrition is necessary for normal pregnancy outcome and child growth, immune function and neurobehavioral development [1]. In populations at risk of zinc deficiency, preventive zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of 1531364 premature delivery, decreases morbidity from childhood diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infections, lowers all-cause mortality, and increases linear growth and weight gain among infants and young children [2,3]. In addition, therapeutic zinc supplementation during diarrheal episodes reduces the duration and severity of the illness [4]. To estimate the global and regional disease burden attributable to zinc deficiency and assess the need for and appropriate targeting of zinc intervention programs, it is necessary to determine the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiency in populations. Three indicators of population risk of zinc deficiency have beenrecommended: (1) the percentage of the population with plasma (serum) zinc concentrations below an appropriate cut-off, (2) the prevalence of usual dietary zinc intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and (3) the percentage of children less than five years of age with height-for-age Z scores less than -2 SD with respect to the WHO child growth standards [5?]. Unfortunately, due to perceived high costs and logistical challenges, as well as the existence of a limited number of valid biomarkers, few nationally representative surveys have been conducted in low-income countries to assess population zinc status and the risk of zinc deficiency using the aforementioned recommended indicators. Until such data become more widely available, information on the amount of total and absorbable zinc in national food supplies may provide useful information on the risk of inadequate zinc intake in populations and help determine the need for more specific assessments of population zinc status. In a companion article to this publication, we estimated country- andPrevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake and Stuntingregion-specific risks of dietary zinc inadequacy based on national food balance sheet data obtained from the 1662274 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The former paper highlighted the major sources of uncertainty in this analysis and evaluated the effects of different assumptions on the estimated risk of inadequate zinc intake. The present analysis focuses on the authors’ previously reported best estimates of country- and regionspecific risks of dietary zinc inadequacy, generated by comparing the estimated quantities of absorbable zinc in national food supplies with the respective population’s theoretical physiological requirements for zinc. This analysis uses a newly created composite nutrient composition database, estimated physiological requirements for absorbed zinc as proposed by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG), a mathematical model (the Miller equation) to predict zinc absorption based on total dietary zinc and phytate and an assumed 25 interindividual coefficient of variation in zinc intake (Wessells et al.). FAO food balance s.