Inding sites are present in the Crtl1 promoter, approximately 1 kb of

Inding sites are present in the Crtl1 promoter, approximately 1 kb of the human, rat, and mouse Crtl1 59flanking region were aligned using the software Kalign [20]. A search of the aligned sequences for the Mef2 consensus sequence CTA(A/T)4TAG [29] identified two potential Mef2 binding sites that were evolutionarily conserved between the mouse, rat, and human Crtl1 promoters (Methionine enkephalin Figure 1). In the mouse Crtl1 promoter, one Mef2 binding site is positioned at 2707 to 2698 (59ctataaataa-39), designated as Mef2 Site 1, while the other is positioned at 2913 to 2923 (59-ttataaataa-39), designated as Mef2 Site 2. Interestingly, the Mef2 site at position 2913 to 2923 lies within the previously described A-T rich element of the Crtl1 promoter [27].leaflet mesenchyme as well as in the endocardial lining of the leaflets (Figure 3B,D).Mef2 Binds to the Cartilage Link Protein PromoterTo determine whether the Mef2 consensus sites identified in the 59 flanking region of the Crtl1 promoter do in fact bind to Mef2c, a DNA affinity precipitation assay [25,26] was performed using biotin-tagged oligos corresponding to each of the putative Mef2 sites. The Mef2 consensus site at 2913 to 2923 is referred to as Mef2 site 1 and the consensus site 2698 to 2707 is referred to as Mef2 site 2 (Figure 4A). Biotin-tagged oligos with mutations at each Mef2 site (Mut1 and Mut2) were also made by inserting a ?gcg- sequence within the consensus site. Western blot analysis of the biotin-tagged DNA/protein complexes demonstrates that Mef2c protein binds to both Mef2 consensus sites identified in the promoter and that mutation of these sites results in loss of Mef2c bound protein. In order to confirm the findings of the DNA precipitation assay, and to detect binding of Mef2c to the Crtl1 promoter 18055761 in vivo, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed on embryonic heart tissue using a Mef2c antibody to retrieve Mef2c bound DNA. As an internal positive control, Tunicamycin site antibodies to Sox9 were also used for ChIP, as it has been demonstrated by others that Sox9 regulates Crtl1 in the AV cushions and also binds to the Crtl1 promoter [12,30]. PCR amplification of the immunoprecipitate using primers spanning both Mef2 consensus sites in the Crtl1 promoter showed that Mef2c binds to the promoter in embryonic heart tissue (Figure 4B).Crtl1 and Mef2c are Expressed by Endocardial and Mesenchymal Cells of the Developing HeartCrtl1 is expressed in the extracellular matrix of the developing outflow tract cushions, AV cushions, and in the cardiac jelly that resides between the ventricular endocardium and developing trabeculae [2]. In situ hybridization demonstrates that at ED10.5 Crtl1 mRNA is synthesized by ventricular endocardial cells (Figure 2A). The Crtl1 protein is located in the ECM between the endocardium and ventricular myocardium (Figure 2B). To determine whether Mef2c is also expressed by ventricular endocardial cells, immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of ED10.5?1.0 hearts, which localized Mef2c protein in the nuclei of ventricular endocardial cells that also synthesize Crtl1 mRNA (Figure 2B). Crtl1 is also expressed in the developing AV cushions and in the leaflets of the AV valves as they mature. In the developing AV valves at ED14.5, Crtl1 is expressed in the mesenchyme of the AV valve leaflets (Figure 3B) and, as the valve matures, Crtl1 becomes restricted to the endocardial lining of the leaflets by ED17.5 (Figure 3D). Mef2c is also expressed in the maturing AV valve.Inding sites are present in the Crtl1 promoter, approximately 1 kb of the human, rat, and mouse Crtl1 59flanking region were aligned using the software Kalign [20]. A search of the aligned sequences for the Mef2 consensus sequence CTA(A/T)4TAG [29] identified two potential Mef2 binding sites that were evolutionarily conserved between the mouse, rat, and human Crtl1 promoters (Figure 1). In the mouse Crtl1 promoter, one Mef2 binding site is positioned at 2707 to 2698 (59ctataaataa-39), designated as Mef2 Site 1, while the other is positioned at 2913 to 2923 (59-ttataaataa-39), designated as Mef2 Site 2. Interestingly, the Mef2 site at position 2913 to 2923 lies within the previously described A-T rich element of the Crtl1 promoter [27].leaflet mesenchyme as well as in the endocardial lining of the leaflets (Figure 3B,D).Mef2 Binds to the Cartilage Link Protein PromoterTo determine whether the Mef2 consensus sites identified in the 59 flanking region of the Crtl1 promoter do in fact bind to Mef2c, a DNA affinity precipitation assay [25,26] was performed using biotin-tagged oligos corresponding to each of the putative Mef2 sites. The Mef2 consensus site at 2913 to 2923 is referred to as Mef2 site 1 and the consensus site 2698 to 2707 is referred to as Mef2 site 2 (Figure 4A). Biotin-tagged oligos with mutations at each Mef2 site (Mut1 and Mut2) were also made by inserting a ?gcg- sequence within the consensus site. Western blot analysis of the biotin-tagged DNA/protein complexes demonstrates that Mef2c protein binds to both Mef2 consensus sites identified in the promoter and that mutation of these sites results in loss of Mef2c bound protein. In order to confirm the findings of the DNA precipitation assay, and to detect binding of Mef2c to the Crtl1 promoter 18055761 in vivo, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed on embryonic heart tissue using a Mef2c antibody to retrieve Mef2c bound DNA. As an internal positive control, antibodies to Sox9 were also used for ChIP, as it has been demonstrated by others that Sox9 regulates Crtl1 in the AV cushions and also binds to the Crtl1 promoter [12,30]. PCR amplification of the immunoprecipitate using primers spanning both Mef2 consensus sites in the Crtl1 promoter showed that Mef2c binds to the promoter in embryonic heart tissue (Figure 4B).Crtl1 and Mef2c are Expressed by Endocardial and Mesenchymal Cells of the Developing HeartCrtl1 is expressed in the extracellular matrix of the developing outflow tract cushions, AV cushions, and in the cardiac jelly that resides between the ventricular endocardium and developing trabeculae [2]. In situ hybridization demonstrates that at ED10.5 Crtl1 mRNA is synthesized by ventricular endocardial cells (Figure 2A). The Crtl1 protein is located in the ECM between the endocardium and ventricular myocardium (Figure 2B). To determine whether Mef2c is also expressed by ventricular endocardial cells, immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of ED10.5?1.0 hearts, which localized Mef2c protein in the nuclei of ventricular endocardial cells that also synthesize Crtl1 mRNA (Figure 2B). Crtl1 is also expressed in the developing AV cushions and in the leaflets of the AV valves as they mature. In the developing AV valves at ED14.5, Crtl1 is expressed in the mesenchyme of the AV valve leaflets (Figure 3B) and, as the valve matures, Crtl1 becomes restricted to the endocardial lining of the leaflets by ED17.5 (Figure 3D). Mef2c is also expressed in the maturing AV valve.