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The cells ended up washed and uncovered to 1 mg/mL CT for thirty min at 4uC. This temperature permits toxin binding to the plasma membrane but blocks endocytosis of the surface area-sure toxin. The cells were being then washed and incubated in toxin-free of charge medium

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The CTA1/CTA2 heterodimer, CTB pentamer, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated CTB pentamer (FITC-CTB), GM1, BfA, thermolysin, acasein,...
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This discovering suggests that the activation of immune pathways in C. formosanus might be distinct from that in Drosophila. In some other termite species, this kind of as R. flavipes and R. virginicus, GNBPs directly harm invading fungal pathogens by means of their b-1,3-glucanase exercise

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These immune-relevant clusters were then labeled into 5 functional types, such as sample recognition...