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, Yang QW Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: From mechanisms to clinical translation. Prog Neurobiol 115C: 2544. 12. Marsh BJ, Stenzel-Poore MP Toll-like receptors: novel pharmacological targets for the remedy of neurological illnesses. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8: 813. 13. Veldhuis WB, Derksen JW, Floris S, Van Der Meide PH, De Vries HE, et al. Interferon-beta blocks infiltration of inflammatory cells and reduces infarct volume immediately after ischemic purchase RE640 stroke in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 10291039. 14. Veldhuis WB, Floris S, van der Meide PH, Vos IM, de Vries HE, et al. Interferon-beta prevents cytokine-induced neutrophil infiltration and attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 10601069. 15. Grilli M, Barbieri I, Basudev H, Brusa R, Casati C, et al. Interleukin-10 modulates neuronal threshold of vulnerability to ischaemic damage. Eur J Neurosci 12: 22652272. 16. Cao CX, Yang QW, Lv FL, Cui J, Fu HB, et al. Reduced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 353: 509514. 17. Caso JR, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Lorenzo P, Moro MA, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in brain damage and inflammation soon after experimental stroke. Circulation 115: 15991608. 18. Hyakkoku K, Hamanaka J, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Tanaka H, et al. Toll-like receptor 4, but not TLR3 or TLR9, knock-out mice have neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 171: 258 267. 19. Tang SC, Arumugam Tv, Xu X, Cheng A, Mughal MR, et al. Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 1379813803. 20. Pradillo JM, Fernandez-Lopez D, Garcia-Yebenes I, Sobrado M, Hurtado O, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in neuroprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning. J Neurochem 109: 287294. 21. Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP Toll-like receptor signaling in endogenous neuroprotection and stroke. Neuroscience 158: 1007 1020. 22. Vartanian KB, Stevens SL, Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky R, Lessov NS, et al. LPS preconditioning redirects TLR signaling following stroke: TRIFIRF3 plays a seminal role in mediating tolerance to ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 8: 140. 23. Bsibsi M, Persoon-Deen C, Verwer RW, Meeuwsen S, Ravid R, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 on adult human astrocytes triggers production of neuroprotective mediators. Glia 53: 688695. 24. Marsh B, Stevens SL, Packard AE, Gopalan B, Hunter B, et al. Systemic lipopolysaccharide protects the brain from ischemic injury by reprogramming the response on the brain to stroke: a critical role for IRF3. J Neurosci 29: 9839 9849. 25. Borysiewicz E, Doppalapudi S, Kirschman LT, Konat GW TLR3 ligation protects human astrocytes against oxidative strain. J Neuroimmunol 255: 5459. 26. Cavassani KA, Ishii M, Wen H, Schaller MA, Lincoln PM, et al. TLR3 is definitely an endogenous sensor of tissue necrosis throughout acute inflammatory events. J Exp Med 205: 26092621. 27. McCusker RH, Kelley KW LIMKI 3 web Immune-neural connections: how the immune system’s response to infectious agents influences behavior. J Exp Biol 216: 23977191 8498. 28. Cho S, Park EM, Zhou P, Frys K, Ross ME, et al. Obligatory function of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25: 493501. 29. Lu Q, Xia N, Xu H, Guo L, Wenzel P, et al. Betulinic acid protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by minimizing oxidative and nitrosative s., Yang QW Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: From mechanisms to clinical translation. Prog Neurobiol 115C: 2544. 12. Marsh BJ, Stenzel-Poore MP Toll-like receptors: novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurological diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol eight: 813. 13. Veldhuis WB, Derksen JW, Floris S, Van Der Meide PH, De Vries HE, et al. Interferon-beta blocks infiltration of inflammatory cells and reduces infarct volume after ischemic stroke in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 10291039. 14. Veldhuis WB, Floris S, van der Meide PH, Vos IM, de Vries HE, et al. Interferon-beta prevents cytokine-induced neutrophil infiltration and attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 10601069. 15. Grilli M, Barbieri I, Basudev H, Brusa R, Casati C, et al. Interleukin-10 modulates neuronal threshold of vulnerability to ischaemic damage. Eur J Neurosci 12: 22652272. 16. Cao CX, Yang QW, Lv FL, Cui J, Fu HB, et al. Decreased cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 353: 509514. 17. Caso JR, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Lorenzo P, Moro MA, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in brain harm and inflammation after experimental stroke. Circulation 115: 15991608. 18. Hyakkoku K, Hamanaka J, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Tanaka H, et al. Toll-like receptor four, but not TLR3 or TLR9, knock-out mice have neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 171: 258 267. 19. Tang SC, Arumugam Television, Xu X, Cheng A, Mughal MR, et al. Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 1379813803. 20. Pradillo JM, Fernandez-Lopez D, Garcia-Yebenes I, Sobrado M, Hurtado O, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in neuroprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning. J Neurochem 109: 287294. 21. Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP Toll-like receptor signaling in endogenous neuroprotection and stroke. Neuroscience 158: 1007 1020. 22. Vartanian KB, Stevens SL, Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky R, Lessov NS, et al. LPS preconditioning redirects TLR signaling following stroke: TRIFIRF3 plays a seminal part in mediating tolerance to ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 8: 140. 23. Bsibsi M, Persoon-Deen C, Verwer RW, Meeuwsen S, Ravid R, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 on adult human astrocytes triggers production of neuroprotective mediators. Glia 53: 688695. 24. Marsh B, Stevens SL, Packard AE, Gopalan B, Hunter B, et al. Systemic lipopolysaccharide protects the brain from ischemic injury by reprogramming the response on the brain to stroke: a important role for IRF3. J Neurosci 29: 9839 9849. 25. Borysiewicz E, Doppalapudi S, Kirschman LT, Konat GW TLR3 ligation protects human astrocytes against oxidative anxiety. J Neuroimmunol 255: 5459. 26. Cavassani KA, Ishii M, Wen H, Schaller MA, Lincoln PM, et al. TLR3 is an endogenous sensor of tissue necrosis through acute inflammatory events. J Exp Med 205: 26092621. 27. McCusker RH, Kelley KW Immune-neural connections: how the immune system’s response to infectious agents influences behavior. J Exp Biol 216: 23977191 8498. 28. Cho S, Park EM, Zhou P, Frys K, Ross ME, et al. Obligatory function of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25: 493501. 29. Lu Q, Xia N, Xu H, Guo L, Wenzel P, et al. Betulinic acid protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by minimizing oxidative and nitrosative s.

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