ormation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 57RP correlates with emergence of hyperpiliated and highly adherent phenotypic variants deficient in swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 11951204. 60. Tremblay J, Deziel E Improving the reproducibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming motility assays. Journal of Basic Microbiology 48: 509515. 61. Rahme LG, Stevens EJ, Wolfort SF, Shao J, Tompkins RG, et al. Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals. Science 268: 18991902. 62. Liberati NT, Urbach JM, Miyata S, Lee DG, Drenkard E, et al. An ordered, nonredundant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 transposon insertion mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 28332838. 63. Pessi G, Williams F, Hindle Z, Heurlier K, Holden MT, et al. The global posttranscriptional regulator RsmA modulates production of virulence determinants and N-acylhomoserine lactones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 183: 66766683. 12 September 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 9 | e24310 Metagenome Plasticity of the Bovine Abomasal Microbiota in Immune Animals in Response to Ostertagia Ostertagi Infection Robert W. Li1, Sitao Wu1, Weizhong Li2, Ying Huang2, Louis C. Gasbarre1 1 Animal and Natural Resources Institute, LOXO 101 price United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Abstract Infections in cattle by the abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi result in impaired gastrointestinal function. Six partially immune animals were developed using multiple drug-attenuated infections, and these animals displayed reduced worm burdens and a slightly elevated abomasal pH upon reinfection. In this study, we characterized the abomasal microbiota in response to reinfection using metagenomic tools. Compared to uninfected controls, infection did not induce a significant change in the microbial community composition in immune animals. 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis identified 15 phyla in the bovine abomasal microbiota with Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochates, and Fibrobacteres being the most predominant. The number of prokaryotic genera and operational taxonomic units identified in the abomasal microbial community was 70.8619.8 and 90.362.9, respectively. However, the core microbiome comprised of 32 genera and 72 OTU. Infection seemingly had a minimal impact on the abomasal microbial diversity at a genus level in immune animals. Proteins predicted from whole genome shotgun DNA sequences were assigned to 5,408 Pfam and 
3,381 COG families, demonstrating dazzling arrays of functional diversity in bovine abomasal microbial communities. However, none of COG functional classes were significantly impacted by infection. Our results demonstrate that immune animals may develop abilities to maintain proper stability of their abomasal microbial ecosystem. A minimal disruption in the bovine abomasal microbiota by reinfection may contribute equally to the restoration of gastric function in immune animals. Citation: Li “2991807 RW, Wu S, Li W, Huang Y, Gasbarre LC Metagenome Plasticity of the Bovine Abomasal Microbiota in Immune Animals in Response to Ostertagia Ostertagi Infection. PLoS “2987731 ONE 6: e24417. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024417 Editor: Ramy K. Aziz, Cairo University, Egypt Received May 19, 2011; Accepted August 10
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