Bees foraging in this tunnel displayed four preferred dance directions, as

Bees foraging in this tunnel displayed four preferred dance directions, as shown in figure 6c: (i) leftward and upward, (ii) rightward and upward, (iii) leftward and TGR-1202 structure downward and (iv) rightward and downward. Relatively few dances were oriented in the horizontal or the vertical directions. Statistical NS-018 site analysis of the data (as described in ?) indicates that the orientations are not randomly distributed ( p , 0.001). Analysis of the dance directions, carried out as described in ?, reveals four modal directions, shown as the thick continuous lines (red in online version). These are oriented at angles of 42.48, 132.48, 222.48 and 312.48, measured counterclockwise with respect to the rightward horizontal axis. These directions are very close to the four principal diagonal directions of 458, 1358, 2258 and 3158, shown as the thick broken lines (green in online version). Statistical analysis (see ?) reveals that the observed modal dance orientations are not significantly different from the four principal diagonal directions ( p , 0.0001, V test). Detailed analysis of the dances of individual bees reveals that, at the level of the individual bee, the fourfold ambiguity in direction is addressed in a manner similar to the twofold ambiguity in Experiments 2 and 3. Some individuals tend to signal a single direction (i.e. one of the four possible directions), while others indicate several of the possible directions within a single dance. Figure 7 shows data obtained from analysing four different dances of an individual bee (bee no. 11) participating in this experiment. Each panel shows the distribution of waggle orientations recorded in a single dance. We see that the number of distinct directions indicated in a single dance can vary from three (figure 7c,d) to four (figure 7a,b). Electronic supplementary material, figure S3 shows four examples of single dances from another individual (bee no. 55). Here again, we see that an individual bee can signal anything from two (see electronic supplementary material, figure S3a) up to four (see electronic supplementary material, figure S3b ) distinct directions in a single dance. The waggle dance of the honeybee signals not only the apparent direction of the food source, but also the apparent distance; the distance is proportional to the duration of the waggle. What distances do the bees signal under the various experimental conditions that we have explored? Figure 8 shows the results of three experiments in which we compared(a)(b) bee 11 – dance7 10 1 13 123 6 4 8 6 7 1 3 58 bee 11 – dancerstb.royalsocietypublishing.org4 2 0 -2 -4 -(c)5 11Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369:—-(d)—-6 bee 11 – dance 7 4 2 0 -8bee 11 – dance1 3 2-4 -6 -3 2 5 6 7——Figure 7. (a ?d) Four examples of dances of an individual bee (bee no. 11) recorded in Experiment 4. Each panel shows waggle axis orientations recorded sequentially in a single dance. (Online version in colour.)(a) feeder (b) feeder (c)dfeederd/(?) (d) d dmean waggle duration (ms)300 250 200 150 100 50 0 axial trans trans + axiald/(?) 160 msFigure 8. Measurements of mean waggle durations in the dances of bees returning from a 12 m tunnel that was illuminated with axially polarized light (a), transversely polarized light (b), or transversely polarized light for the first 6 m and axially polarized light for the next 6 m, simulating flight through an L-shaped tunnel (c). The waggle durations measured under these three conditions are shown in (d ) (mean + s.e.). The upper.Bees foraging in this tunnel displayed four preferred dance directions, as shown in figure 6c: (i) leftward and upward, (ii) rightward and upward, (iii) leftward and downward and (iv) rightward and downward. Relatively few dances were oriented in the horizontal or the vertical directions. Statistical analysis of the data (as described in ?) indicates that the orientations are not randomly distributed ( p , 0.001). Analysis of the dance directions, carried out as described in ?, reveals four modal directions, shown as the thick continuous lines (red in online version). These are oriented at angles of 42.48, 132.48, 222.48 and 312.48, measured counterclockwise with respect to the rightward horizontal axis. These directions are very close to the four principal diagonal directions of 458, 1358, 2258 and 3158, shown as the thick broken lines (green in online version). Statistical analysis (see ?) reveals that the observed modal dance orientations are not significantly different from the four principal diagonal directions ( p , 0.0001, V test). Detailed analysis of the dances of individual bees reveals that, at the level of the individual bee, the fourfold ambiguity in direction is addressed in a manner similar to the twofold ambiguity in Experiments 2 and 3. Some individuals tend to signal a single direction (i.e. one of the four possible directions), while others indicate several of the possible directions within a single dance. Figure 7 shows data obtained from analysing four different dances of an individual bee (bee no. 11) participating in this experiment. Each panel shows the distribution of waggle orientations recorded in a single dance. We see that the number of distinct directions indicated in a single dance can vary from three (figure 7c,d) to four (figure 7a,b). Electronic supplementary material, figure S3 shows four examples of single dances from another individual (bee no. 55). Here again, we see that an individual bee can signal anything from two (see electronic supplementary material, figure S3a) up to four (see electronic supplementary material, figure S3b ) distinct directions in a single dance. The waggle dance of the honeybee signals not only the apparent direction of the food source, but also the apparent distance; the distance is proportional to the duration of the waggle. What distances do the bees signal under the various experimental conditions that we have explored? Figure 8 shows the results of three experiments in which we compared(a)(b) bee 11 – dance7 10 1 13 123 6 4 8 6 7 1 3 58 bee 11 – dancerstb.royalsocietypublishing.org4 2 0 -2 -4 -(c)5 11Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369:—-(d)—-6 bee 11 – dance 7 4 2 0 -8bee 11 – dance1 3 2-4 -6 -3 2 5 6 7——Figure 7. (a ?d) Four examples of dances of an individual bee (bee no. 11) recorded in Experiment 4. Each panel shows waggle axis orientations recorded sequentially in a single dance. (Online version in colour.)(a) feeder (b) feeder (c)dfeederd/(?) (d) d dmean waggle duration (ms)300 250 200 150 100 50 0 axial trans trans + axiald/(?) 160 msFigure 8. Measurements of mean waggle durations in the dances of bees returning from a 12 m tunnel that was illuminated with axially polarized light (a), transversely polarized light (b), or transversely polarized light for the first 6 m and axially polarized light for the next 6 m, simulating flight through an L-shaped tunnel (c). The waggle durations measured under these three conditions are shown in (d ) (mean + s.e.). The upper.