Tems whereby `personal standards’ was measured with items such as “I

Tems whereby `personal standards’ was measured with items such as “I expect TAK-385 web RP54476 cancer Higher performance in my daily tasks than most people”. `Preference for order and structure’ was assessed with items such as “I try to be an organized person”. The reliability of the scale was high when both subscales were combined ( = .90). Pessimism was measured using the Extended Life Orientation Test (ELOT, [96]) which includes nine items capturing a tendency to expect negative outcomes (e.g., “If something can go wrong for me, it will” and “Things never work out the way I want them to”, = .95). Higher scores indicate higher pessimism. Belief in a just world was measured using a seven-item measure developed by Lipkus [100] (e.g., “I feel that people get what they deserve” and “I basically feel that the world is a fair place”, = .94). Big Five personality factors were measured using a brief 10-item measure [98]. This scale consists of five dimensions including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Demographics included level of education and political orientation. Three items were used to measure three separate aspects of political orientation. Participants were asked to indicate their political beliefs on a seven-point Likert response format from left/liberal to right/conservative on issues of economy (e.g., social welfare, government spending, tax cuts) and social issues (e.g., immigration, homosexual marriage, abortion). The last item asked participants to indicate how close they felt toward the USA’s two major political parties in seven-point response format (1 = democrats; 7 = republicans).ResultsAs can be seen in Table 3, similar to Study 2a and 2b, there was a moderate to high relationship between PAS and constructs that should be theoretically related to anomie including collective helplessness and hopelessness (r = .59, p < .001), cohesion (r = -.73, p < .001), and dangerous and threatening worldview (r = .46, p < .001). With regard to previous anomie scales, PAS was positively and moderately related to Srole's [14] anomie scale (r = .55, p < .001) and Agnew's [75] anomie scale (r = .38, p < .001). Further confirming the convergent validity of PAS, there was a high positive relationship between PAS and societal unease (r = .71, p < .001). We conducted six exploratory factor analyses to examine whether PAS is different from other anomie scales and related measures. We entered the PAS items with other measures separately in a series of factor analyses (using direct oblimin rotation and principle component analysis). By and large, the results of exploratory factor analyses confirmed the two-factorial structure of anomie and demonstrated that PAS distinctively loaded on two factors separatePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,11 /Measuring AnomieTable 3. Descriptives and bivariate correlations (Study 2c). Variables BSF BL Anomie Helplessness and Hopelessness Cohesion Dangerous World View Anomie Srole [14] Anomie Agnew [75] Societal Unease Collective Angst about the threat posed by outsiders Social dominance Orientation Perfectionism Pessimism Belief in just world Emotional Stability Extraversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness Age Education Political attitude (social issues) Political attitude (economic issues) Political attitude (political party) .80 .86 .87 .91 .84 .86 .74 .68 .62 .95 .82 .90 .95 .94 Mean 4.06 4.65 4.36 3.89 4.08 3.88 4.25 4.10 4.55 3.91 2.55 4.62 3.13.Tems whereby `personal standards' was measured with items such as "I expect higher performance in my daily tasks than most people". `Preference for order and structure' was assessed with items such as "I try to be an organized person". The reliability of the scale was high when both subscales were combined ( = .90). Pessimism was measured using the Extended Life Orientation Test (ELOT, [96]) which includes nine items capturing a tendency to expect negative outcomes (e.g., "If something can go wrong for me, it will" and "Things never work out the way I want them to", = .95). Higher scores indicate higher pessimism. Belief in a just world was measured using a seven-item measure developed by Lipkus [100] (e.g., "I feel that people get what they deserve" and "I basically feel that the world is a fair place", = .94). Big Five personality factors were measured using a brief 10-item measure [98]. This scale consists of five dimensions including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Demographics included level of education and political orientation. Three items were used to measure three separate aspects of political orientation. Participants were asked to indicate their political beliefs on a seven-point Likert response format from left/liberal to right/conservative on issues of economy (e.g., social welfare, government spending, tax cuts) and social issues (e.g., immigration, homosexual marriage, abortion). The last item asked participants to indicate how close they felt toward the USA's two major political parties in seven-point response format (1 = democrats; 7 = republicans).ResultsAs can be seen in Table 3, similar to Study 2a and 2b, there was a moderate to high relationship between PAS and constructs that should be theoretically related to anomie including collective helplessness and hopelessness (r = .59, p < .001), cohesion (r = -.73, p < .001), and dangerous and threatening worldview (r = .46, p < .001). With regard to previous anomie scales, PAS was positively and moderately related to Srole's [14] anomie scale (r = .55, p < .001) and Agnew's [75] anomie scale (r = .38, p < .001). Further confirming the convergent validity of PAS, there was a high positive relationship between PAS and societal unease (r = .71, p < .001). We conducted six exploratory factor analyses to examine whether PAS is different from other anomie scales and related measures. We entered the PAS items with other measures separately in a series of factor analyses (using direct oblimin rotation and principle component analysis). By and large, the results of exploratory factor analyses confirmed the two-factorial structure of anomie and demonstrated that PAS distinctively loaded on two factors separatePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,11 /Measuring AnomieTable 3. Descriptives and bivariate correlations (Study 2c). Variables BSF BL Anomie Helplessness and Hopelessness Cohesion Dangerous World View Anomie Srole [14] Anomie Agnew [75] Societal Unease Collective Angst about the threat posed by outsiders Social dominance Orientation Perfectionism Pessimism Belief in just world Emotional Stability Extraversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness Age Education Political attitude (social issues) Political attitude (economic issues) Political attitude (political party) .80 .86 .87 .91 .84 .86 .74 .68 .62 .95 .82 .90 .95 .94 Mean 4.06 4.65 4.36 3.89 4.08 3.88 4.25 4.10 4.55 3.91 2.55 4.62 3.13.