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Measured on quartz substrate [details for film preparation see in (Hambardzumyan et al., 2012)] by CRM and by AFM using the Digital Pulsed Force Mode (DPFM) (Figures 3 and four). For DPFM measurements to start with the sensitivity of your cantilever(S five 85.521 nm V21) was measured PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19969385 by performing numerous forcedistance curves on a hard silicon surface. Within the same manner, the modulation amplitude of the tip (just how much from the driving amplitude is actually transmitted to the tip and in final instance towards the photodetector) must be measured also on a silicon wafer prior to undertaking measurements with DPFM. AFM photos had been acquired on distinctive areas (20 three 20 mm2 in addition to a zoom in of 1.five three 1.5 mm2 with a resolution of 256 three 256 points every single. An arrow silicon cantilever having a tetrahedral shaped tip (tip radius five ten nm) and a spring continual of k 5 two.eight N m21 was utilised to scan the films. The cantilever driving amplitude was optimized to 145.four nm and the set point (maximum force) to 86.2 nN. Sampling rate was 1000 Hz and P and I gains, 3 and 6 , respectively. From the DPFM curves recorded at each and every point on the sample, the adhesion, stiffness and Fmax photos on the sample were generated. In DPFM, the nearby stiffness from the sample is calculated in the slope on the repulsive force signal soon after the tip snips in, though the ZM241385 chemical information Adhesion image is extracted in the tip-sample adhesive force (region beneath the non-contact baseline in Figure 1) through retraction. The sensitivity in the cantilever, itsFIGUREHigh resolution digital pulsed force mode (DPFM) on a lignin dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) agglomerate. AFM photos in DPFM show (A) Topography and various mechanical properties: (B) Fmax (maximum force in between tip and sample), (C) Neighborhood adhesion, and (D) Stiffness. For Fmax, Adhesion and Stiffness, note that the values are usually not corrected for the tip-sample contact location and they are plotted in relative units (minimum at 0 values, maximum at 1). The maximum force (Fmax) was calculated assuming that its values in DPFM (sinusoidal modulation) are homologous for the maximum force in a force-distance curve with triangular modulation and taking into account the spring continuous plus the sensitivity in the cantilever.PRATS-MATEUET AL.|stiffness along with the penetration depth (ranging from 1 to eight nm within this case) at each and every point of the image are essential to calculate the regional stiffness of the sample. Topography of your sample is generated from the feedback mechanism (Fmax) on the cantilever. Raman spectra in the film have been acquired applying a confocal Raman microscope (alpha300RA, WITec GmbH, Germany) with a 1003 objective (numerical aperture (NA) five 0.9) (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The sample was excited having a linear polarized (08) coherent compass sapphire green laser kex 5 785 nm (WITec, Germany). The scattered Raman signal was detected with an optic multifiber (100 mm diameter) directed to a spectrometer (600 g mm21 grating) and ultimately for the CCD camera (Andor DU401A BR DD, Belfast, North Ireland). The laser power was set at 36 mW as well as a short integration time of 0.five s was selected so as to guarantee rapid mapping. A single spectrum was taken every single 0.three lm. Images of DHP and CNCs had been generated by band integration more than the principle lignin band at 1,600 cm21 along with the cellulose band at 380 cm21 (CCC ring, respectively). The Handle 4 (WITec, Germany) acquisition software was utilised for both acquisitions and the ProjectPlus (WITec, Germany) application for spectral and image evaluation. Prior to the Raman measurements.