Were trimmed by hand to remove all sequence at and following

Were trimmed by hand to remove all sequence at and following the ambiguous bases. After trimming, sequences of ,100 bp were removed leaving 1796 unassembled sequences. These sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Numbers JS807804 S809599). Sequences in the library were compared to the GenBank nonredundant protein database using BLASTx [28,29], omittingResults Viral FractionationIn the initial continuous cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient of the viral concentrate, a large portion of the viruses banded with little resolution over a broad range and at high densities (1.47?.56 g ml21; data not shown), an atypical result for this method [23]. The presence of a viscous whitish matter in this region of the gradient suggested that the viruses could be adsorbed to an unknown substance. After treatment of all pooled fractions with Tween-80 and sonication, followed by separation in a second gradient, much of the material banded in the same position and remained unresolved (Figure 1A). There was also an aggregation of viruses that banded at the top of the gradient (1.300?.322 g ml21). The remaining viruses were found in nine fractions between 1.389 and 1.456 g ml21 and most of these fractions showed distinct patterns of CB 5083 site genome sizes. Viruses in the fraction having a density of 1.444 g ml21 were subjected to a second round of fractionation by Hexaconazole biological activity anion-exchange chromatography. Most of the viruses eluted in 11 of the 21 fractions between 31 and 46 elution buffer with the gradient ending at 48 (Figure 1B). A final rinse out with 100 elution buffer resulted in the release of additional viruses, most likely those adsorbed to the unknown substance. The fraction that eluted with 38 elution buffer was selected for sequencing and included three visible viral genome bands. The dominant band was 62 kb and included 65 of the DNA in the fraction. The two minor bands were 31 kb and 139 kb and included 18 and 17 of the DNA in the fraction, respectively.Assembly of a Viral Metagenome after FractionationFigure 1. Viral genome fingerprints of the fractions used in each fractionation step. (A) Pulsed-field gel of the virus assemblages in each fraction collected from a continuous cesium chloride gradient of a viral concentrate from Kane`ohe Bay. The box around the fraction with a density of ?1.44 g ml21 indicates that fraction was separated further using strong anion-exchange chromatography. (B) Pulsed-field gel of the virus assemblages in each fraction collected from the further separation of the indicated cesium chloride gradient fraction using strong anion-exchange chromatography. The box around the fraction that eluted with 38 elution buffer indicates the fraction selected for microscopy and sequencing. Arrows point to the three genome bands in the fraction. Marker lanes contain a Lambda Ladder (L) and a MidRange PFG Ladder (M). The unfractionated sample was also run for comparison (U). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060604.gTransmission Electron MicroscopyAnalysis of the viruses in the selected fraction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the fraction had four readily distinguishable morphotypes. The dominant morphotype, which comprised 44 of the population, had podovirus morphology with capsid diameters between 60 and 67 nm, andshort (14?8 nm) tails or no visible tail (Figure 2A ). The second group of viruses, which comprised 30 of the population, had myovirus morphology with capsid diameters between 76 and 103 nm, and long (109?18.Were trimmed by hand to remove all sequence at and following the ambiguous bases. After trimming, sequences of ,100 bp were removed leaving 1796 unassembled sequences. These sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Numbers JS807804 S809599). Sequences in the library were compared to the GenBank nonredundant protein database using BLASTx [28,29], omittingResults Viral FractionationIn the initial continuous cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient of the viral concentrate, a large portion of the viruses banded with little resolution over a broad range and at high densities (1.47?.56 g ml21; data not shown), an atypical result for this method [23]. The presence of a viscous whitish matter in this region of the gradient suggested that the viruses could be adsorbed to an unknown substance. After treatment of all pooled fractions with Tween-80 and sonication, followed by separation in a second gradient, much of the material banded in the same position and remained unresolved (Figure 1A). There was also an aggregation of viruses that banded at the top of the gradient (1.300?.322 g ml21). The remaining viruses were found in nine fractions between 1.389 and 1.456 g ml21 and most of these fractions showed distinct patterns of genome sizes. Viruses in the fraction having a density of 1.444 g ml21 were subjected to a second round of fractionation by anion-exchange chromatography. Most of the viruses eluted in 11 of the 21 fractions between 31 and 46 elution buffer with the gradient ending at 48 (Figure 1B). A final rinse out with 100 elution buffer resulted in the release of additional viruses, most likely those adsorbed to the unknown substance. The fraction that eluted with 38 elution buffer was selected for sequencing and included three visible viral genome bands. The dominant band was 62 kb and included 65 of the DNA in the fraction. The two minor bands were 31 kb and 139 kb and included 18 and 17 of the DNA in the fraction, respectively.Assembly of a Viral Metagenome after FractionationFigure 1. Viral genome fingerprints of the fractions used in each fractionation step. (A) Pulsed-field gel of the virus assemblages in each fraction collected from a continuous cesium chloride gradient of a viral concentrate from Kane`ohe Bay. The box around the fraction with a density of ?1.44 g ml21 indicates that fraction was separated further using strong anion-exchange chromatography. (B) Pulsed-field gel of the virus assemblages in each fraction collected from the further separation of the indicated cesium chloride gradient fraction using strong anion-exchange chromatography. The box around the fraction that eluted with 38 elution buffer indicates the fraction selected for microscopy and sequencing. Arrows point to the three genome bands in the fraction. Marker lanes contain a Lambda Ladder (L) and a MidRange PFG Ladder (M). The unfractionated sample was also run for comparison (U). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060604.gTransmission Electron MicroscopyAnalysis of the viruses in the selected fraction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the fraction had four readily distinguishable morphotypes. The dominant morphotype, which comprised 44 of the population, had podovirus morphology with capsid diameters between 60 and 67 nm, andshort (14?8 nm) tails or no visible tail (Figure 2A ). The second group of viruses, which comprised 30 of the population, had myovirus morphology with capsid diameters between 76 and 103 nm, and long (109?18.