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Bim custom synthesis ligaments are crucial structures for joint stability and dynamics. They block certain displacements and/or guide and restrict joint movements inside their physiological ranges. On top of that, ligaments offer significant functional substrates for the transmission of proprioceptive data. The gross structures of ligaments are according to fibroblasts immersed within a collagen-based extracellular matrix (ECM), with collagen organised within cross-linked fibrils that are aligned according to tensile tension (Amiel et al. 1984). Form ICorrespondence Juan A. Montero, Departamento de Anatom y Biolog Celular, ia ia Facultad de Medicina, C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, Santander, 39011 Spain. F: 34-942-201903; E: [email protected] C.I.L.-D. and also a.C.-V. contributed equally to this operate. Accepted for publication 12 September 2013 Write-up published on the net 16 October 2013 2013 Anatomical Society594 Transcriptional evaluation of human ligaments, C. I. Lorda-Diez et al.ligaments, with the remaining portion primarily consisting of type III collagen, as well as modest amounts of forms V, VI, XI and XIV collagens (Amiel et al. 1984; Liu et al. 1995; Frank, 2004). The collagen molecules are cross-linked by bonds that stabilise the fibres and increase the tensile strength in the ligaments (Fujii et al. 1994; Eleswarapu et al. 2011). Additionally, the collagen fibrils confer the capacity for elongation to ligaments under elevated mechanical strain, based on the crimping disposition in the collagen molecule (Boorman et al. 2006). Elastic fibres are critical elements of dense connective tissues and have two significant constituents, namely the fibrillin-based microfibrillar scaffold plus the elastin deposits (Hurle et al. 1990; Neurath Stofft, 1992; Strocchi et al. 1992; Ros et al. 1995; Hurle Colombatti, 1996; Reinboth et al. 2000; Frank, 2004). The ratio of elastic fibres inside the ligaments has a key influence on the biomechanical properties with the tissue, and their abundance is usually proportional for the tensile load around the ligaments (Neurath Stofft, 1992; Sherratt et al. 2003; Frank, 2004; Glab Wess, 2008). The other ECM constituents of dense connective tissues contain PGs, that are molecules based on a protein core that binds to the anionic glycosaminoglycan (aGAG) sidechains (Scott et al. 1995). The PG protein core binds at certain web sites around the collagen fibrils, whereas the aGAGs form filaments that bridge amongst and across the collagen fibrils (Scott, 1992, 1996). These interfibrillar aGAG bridges are critical within the upkeep of tissue shape, as they organise the collagen fibrils by linking them together. The aGAGs confer a hydrophilic character to the PGs, enabling them to aggregate with hyaluronic acid and therefore establish the tissue’s water content, which accounts for 600 of the total ligament weight (Amiel et al. 1984; Woo Buckwalter, 1988; Hannafin Arnoczky,.