EwAmino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in BiosensingEwAmino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins:

EwAmino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing
EwAmino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene DeliverySimge Er 1 , Ushna Laraib two , Rabia Arshad three , Saman Sargazi 4 , Abbas Rahdar five, , Sadanand Pandey six , Vijay Kumar Thakur 7,8 and Ana M. D z-Pascual 9, 35Citation: Er, S.; Laraib, U.; Arshad, R.; Sargazi, S.; Rahdar, A.; Pandey, S.; Thakur, V.K.; D z-Pascual, A.M. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene Delivery. Choline (bitartrate) mAChR Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3002. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/nano11113002 Academic Editor: Emanuele Papini Received: 26 September 2021 Accepted: 3 November 2021 Published: 8 NovemberBiochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir 35100, Turkey; [email protected] Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; [email protected] Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; [email protected] Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Study Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Health-related Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran; [email protected] Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran Division of Chemistry, College of Organic Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; [email protected] Biorefining and Advanced Materials Investigation Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; [email protected] College of Engineering, University of Petroleum Power Research (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India CI 16035 Autophagy Universidad de Alcal Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Qu ica Anal ica, Qu ica F ica e Ingenier Qu ica, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.six, 28805 Alcalde Henares, Madrid, Spain Correspondence: [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (A.M.D.-P.)Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Abstract: More than a variety of scientific fields in biochemistry, amino acids happen to be highlighted in analysis works. Protein, peptide- and amino acid-based drug delivery systems have proficiently transformed nanotechnology by way of immense flexibility in their functions for attaching several drug molecules and biodegradable polymers. Within this regard, novel nanostructures like carbon nanotubes, electrospun carbon nanofibers, gold nanoislands, and metal-based nanoparticles happen to be introduced as nanosensors for accurate detection of these organic compounds. These nanostructures can bind the biological receptor to the sensor surface and raise the surface region on the working electrode, substantially enhancing the biosensor efficiency. Interestingly, protein-based nanocarriers have also emerged as valuable drug and gene delivery platforms. This is critical due to the fact, regardless of recent advancements, you will discover still biological barriers and other obstacles limiting gene and drug delivery efficacy. At the moment obtainable approaches for gene therapy usually are not cost-effective, and they don’t deliver the genetic cargo properly to target web-sites. With speedy advancements in nanotechnology, novel gene delivery systems are introduced as nonviral vectors such as protein, peptide, and amino acid-based nanostructures. These nano-based delivery platforms is usually tailored into functional transformation making use of proteins and peptides ligands ba.