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ReviewSound Localization and Lateralization by Bilateral Bone conduction Devices, Middle Ear Implants, and D-threo-PPMP medchemexpress Cartilage Conduction Hearing AidsKimio ShiraishiDepartment of Communication Style Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-0032, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-804-Citation: Shiraishi, K. Sound Localization and Lateralization by Bilateral Bone Conduction Devices, Middle Ear Implants, and Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids. Audiol. Res. 2021, 11, 50823. https:// doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040046 Academic Editor: Philip H.S. Jen Received: 17 Could 2021 Accepted: 27 September 2021 Published: 30 SeptemberAbstract: Sound localization in daily life is one of the significant functions of binaural hearing. Bilateral bone conduction devices (BCDs), middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids have been usually applied for individuals with conductive hearing loss (CHL) or mixed hearing loss, by way of example, resulting from bilateral microtia and aural atresia. Within this review, aspects affecting the accuracy of sound localization with bilateral BCDs, middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids have been classified into 4 categories: (1) sorts of device, (two) experimental conditions, (three) participants, and (four) pathways in the stimulus sound to each cochleae. Recent studies inside the previous ten years on sound localization and lateralization by BCDs, middle ear implants, and cartilage conduction hearing aids have been discussed. Most studies showed benefits for sound localization or lateralization with bilateral devices. Having said that, the judgment accuracy was normally reduced than that for standard hearing, along with the localization errors tended to become larger than for regular hearing. In addition, it should be noted that the degree of accuracy in sound localization by bilateral BCDs varied considerably among individuals. Additional investigation on sound localization is essential to analyze the complicated mechanism of bone conduction, such as suprathreshold air conduction with bilateral devices. Key phrases: localization; lateralization; binaural hearing; hearing loss; bone conduction device; middle ear implant; cartilage conduction hearing aid1. Introduction We’re surrounded by a lot of diverse sounds and we can simply know exactly where they may be and how far they may be from us. This capacity is named “localization”. Based on Moore [1], the term “localization” refers to determining the path and distance of a sound supply. It’s well-known that sound localization in the horizontal plane is mediated by two cues: interaural time distinction (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD). The ITD is defined because the difference in arrival time among the two ears and could be the most significant cue to sound localization for low-frequency components [2]. The ILD is defined because the difference inside the level of a sound at the two ears caused mainly by the head “shadowing” impact for high-frequency elements [2]. Sound localization in the vertical plane is accomplished via filtering by the pinnae along with the head itself. This filtering might be expressed in “headrelated transfer functions (HRTFs)” [1]. The HRTF changes in the vertical and horizontal planes according to the angle of incidence of your sound. So, with regard to hearing aids, you will find differences in the HRTF according to the angle at which the sound.